How do cells signal and respond to changes in their environment? Cells continously sense and respond to local changes in their surrounding conditions, using sophisticated and often elegant molecular machinery to communicate. Our lab seeks to understand the foundations that underpin communication systems at a molecular level. We focus on uncovering the structures and functions of key macromolecular protein complexes, including ion channels, as well as other membrane proteins and associated soluble partners. Our approach integrates structural biology (with a focus on cryo-EM), protein biochemistry and biophysics to answer this fundamental question.